Published in Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literature of India,
ed. by Nalini Natarajan, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1996.
TWENTIETH-CENTURY URDU LITERATURE 1
Omar Qureshi
This introductory summary, of the course of Urdu literature in the twentieth
century must continuously refer back to the nineteenth. This becomes necessary
because, depending on one’s point of view, it was Urdu’s destiny or misfortune to
gradually become identified as the lingua franca of the Muslims of India in the latter half
of the last century. Consequently, the still unresolved dilemmas of the politics of
Muslim identity in South Asia are difficult to separate from their expression in and
through the development of Urdu.
For our purposes then, the most significant consequence of the failed rebellion of
1857 was the gradual emergence of group identity among the recently politically
dispossessed and culturally disoriented Muslim elite of North India. This effort to
define Indian Muslim nationhood in the new colonial environment placed issues of
past, present and future identity at the center of elite Muslim concerns. Not only were
these concerns expressed largely in Urdu, but the literary legacy of Urdu formed the
terrain through and on which some of the more significant debates were conducted.
The Muslim leadership that emerged after 1857 looked to this pre-colonial literary
legacy as an authentic, but highly problematic repository of the Indian Muslim identity;
and the Urdu language itself as the most effective medium for the renewal and reform
of the Muslims of British India. As Muslim identity politics gathered strength in
colonial India, and Urdu was turned into the print language of the emerging nation,
discussions of an apparently purely literary nature became a veritable mirror of
ideological and sociopolitical change among India’s Muslims. For example, calls for the
reform of pre-colonial Urdu poetics mirrored analogous reform initiatives in the
religious, social, and political spheres. This relationship has continued, in different
ways, since the division of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947. It is this
ongoing dialogue between the reform of Urdu and issues of Muslim identity that I will
attempt to highlight here as the major literary trends, works and writers in Urdu in the
twentieth century are surveyed.

